New Year’s Day is the most important day to celebrate the beginning of the year. At the end of the previous year, many people clean up the whole house to prepare for the arrival of the new year, and on this day, they go to a temple and/or shrine for the first worship visit of the year. To pray for the safety and prosperity of the family, the house is decorated with Kadomatsu (small gate made of pine twigs) and Shimekazari (twisted sacred rope), and the family eats special auspicious foods such as Osechi (assorted special dishes) and Zoni (soup with rice cake) together. Besides, there are particular customs for this period, including the exchange of greeting cards and money gifts to children. In all, this period is very crucial for reconfirming how important the connections among the family and society are.
Setsubun is a Japanese traditional event held on the previous day of Risshun (the first day of spring according to the old lunar calendar). It is a ritual to ward off the evil, which is said to come up on the turn of season. Originally, there are four Setsubun days at the turn of every season, but now it principally refers to the day in early February. At home, the family throw beans around, reciting ‘Evil out, Blessin in!’ to drive away the evil and invite the good. Besides, the custom of eating Ehomaki (sushi roll) facing the lucky direction of the year has spread lately. In all, this day is very important in praying for the safety and happiness of the family.
Momo-no-Sekku, or Hina Matsuri, is an event held on March 3rd to pray for the healthy growth and happiness of girls. It originated as Joushi-no-Sekku, which was introduced from China, during which people floated a doll away into the river as a substitute for disaster. Nowadays, families decorate Hina dolls and eat Chirashi-sushi (ornamental sushi dish), clear soup with clam, and Hina-arare (small rice crackers). Besides, peach blossoms are displayed in the house as a symbol of warding off evil, and they give a pleasant sense of the arrival of spring.
Higan refers to a Buddhist ritual held for seven days with the Vernal Equinox Day or the Autumnal Equinox Day as the middle day. It is a very important period for holding special services for the spirits of the ancestors. Originally, Higan means the world of enlightenment in contrast to Kogan, the present world of delusion. During this period, families pay a visit to the family grave or give offerings to the family altar to express their gratitude to the spirits of the ancestors. Besides, there is a custom of eating rice cakes with sweet red bean paste during this period. It is uniquely Japanese in that the change of season and ancestral worship are connected.
Hanami is a traditional Japanese event in which people appreciate the arrival of the new season by viewing cherry blossoms blooming in spring. Especially from late March to early April, many people gather in parks or riversides where cherry blossoms are in full bloom, enjoying meals and conversation with friends, family members, or co-workers. Cherry blossoms are considered a symbol of transience and the beauty of life. Spending time under the blooming cherry trees is a very important time when people can experience the beauty of nature and deepen bonds between people.
Hana-Matsuri, literally translated as Flower Festival, refers to a day held on April 8th to celebrate the birth of the Buddha. In temples, a small hall decorated with flowers, called “Hanami-do,” is set up. People pour sweet tea on the statue of the infant Buddha placed inside the hall. This custom is derived from the legend that sweet rain fell when the Buddha was born. There are many events in which children take part, and it is a good chance for them to learn the importance of life and a sense of gratitude while being surrounded by flowers.
Tango-no-Sekku is an event held on May 5th to pray for the healthy growth and social success of boys. Now it is officially designated as a national holiday called “Children’s Day.” Originally, it was an event which, much influenced by samurai culture, symbolized male courage and strength. Families with young boys put up Koi-Nobori (carp-shaped streamers on a pole) and display Gogatsu-Ningyo (May dolls) and samurai helmets. There are other customs, including taking an iris bath and eating Kashiwa-mochi (rice cake wrapped with an oak leaf) and Chimaki (rice cake wrapped with a bamboo leaf). All of these things are done with the family’s earnest wish that their sons will overcome many difficulties and grow up to become strong and resilient.
Tanabata is a traditional Japanese event held on July 7th, which is derived from a star legend related to Orihime and Hikoboshi. It is said that these two, who are separated by the Milky Way, are allowed to meet once a year. People write their wishes on strips of paper and hang them on bamboo branches. This event originally came from China, but it developed in a unique way in Japan and spread nationwide. It is a romantic summer event where people make wishes under the starry sky.
Bon (or Obon) is a traditional Japanese event held mainly in mid-August to welcome the spirits of the ancestors and hold memorial services for them. During this period, family members gather to show respect to the ancestors by visiting their graves or giving offerings to home Buddhist altars. Besides, there is a custom of lighting fires both to welcome the ancestral spirits and to send them back to heaven. In many areas, people hold Bon dances, in which people walk and dance in a circle while honoring the spirits of the ancestors. It is an important event to reconfirm the bonds among families and communities.
Tsukimi (or Otsukimi) is a traditional Japanese event to thank the gods while viewing the full moon in autumn. Especially the full moon on the 15th day of the eighth month of the old calendar, called the Mid-Autumn Moon, is considered the most beautiful moon of all. On this day, people view the moon, offering dango dumplings, pampas grass, and taro to the moon. Originally it came from China, but in Japan it became connected with farming culture and spread nationwide as an event to show gratitude for the harvest. It is a refined event to feel the arrival of autumn while calmly viewing the moon.
Shichi-Go-San, meaning “seven, five, three,” is a traditional Japanese event held on November 15th to celebrate the healthy growth of children at the ages of three, five, and seven. On this day, children visit Shinto shrines wearing kimono, thank the gods for their safe growth so far, and pray for their future health and happiness. It originated as a custom of the aristocracy in the Heian period, and later spread nationwide as a ritual to celebrate the designated ages of children. There is also a custom of being given long stick candies called “Chitose Ame” (literally translated as “one-thousand-year candy”), which symbolize wishes for the longevity and healthy growth of children.
Omisoka, which refers to the last day of the year, is an important day to get ready for the arrival of the new year. On this day, there are customs of cleaning the whole house and eating soba noodles called “Toshikoshi-soba” (soba eaten over the turn of the year). Long soba noodles symbolize longevity and good health and also contain the meaning of cutting off the bad luck of the past year. In many Buddhist temples, during the night the bell is rung 108 times, a ritual considered to get rid of the worldly desires of human beings. It is a typically Japanese event in which people look back on the old year and welcome the new one.
In Japan, there are various styles of weddings including Shinto style, church style, and civil ceremonies. Nowadays, the reception after the wedding ceremony is commonly held in a hotel or a wedding hall. The reception usually proceeds in the following order: the introduction of the bride and groom, speeches by honored guests, a toast, cutting the wedding cake, and other events. Through these events, guests including relatives, friends, and co-workers celebrate the couple’s new life together. The wedding is an event which represents how important Japanese people consider the bonds with their families and society.
In most cases in Japan, it costs a great amount of money to have a wedding ceremony followed by a reception. It is said that, in general, it costs three to four million yen, including the expenses for the venue, food, wedding attire, and photos. However, in Japan, it is customary for invited guests to bring monetary gifts to the reception called “Goshugi” (congratulatory money), which in many cases covers a large part of the total cost. It is common for friends to bring gift money of about thirty thousand yen to the bride and groom. The wedding is a big event for the newlywed couple, which serves as a special occasion to be blessed by many people.
In Japan, the average age at marriage is getting higher year by year. Nowadays, the average age at first marriage is said to be about thirty for men and about twenty-eight for women. The reasons for late marriage include the tendency to place more importance on work and economic stability and changing attitudes toward marriage. The low birthrate largely caused by the trend of late marriage is one of the social issues in Japan. It is widely believed that the styles of marriage and family vary as time goes by.
In Japan, the divorce rate is increasing. It may be said that one in three married couples divorce, but the actual rate is considered a little lower than this. The reasons for divorce include differences in personality, differences in values, and economic problems. In the past, divorce was not so common in Japan, but in recent years attitudes toward divorce have been changing in accordance with changes in social values.
In Japan, compensation is not always paid in a divorce. It is common to claim such compensation only if there is an obvious fault on one side, such as adultery or domestic violence. The amount depends on the case, but it usually ranges from several hundred thousand yen to several million yen. Also, when the couple have children, the payment of child support often becomes an issue between them. The conditions of divorce are often settled through discussions between the husband and wife or by judgments made by a family court.
In Japan, there are not so many international marriages, although there is always a certain number of them each year. In recent years, it is estimated that there are about twenty thousand international marriages annually. Couples consisting of a Japanese man and a foreign woman are slightly greater in number than those of a Japanese woman and a foreign man, although the number of the latter is increasing. International marriages are becoming more common than before due to increasing globalization and the growth of international exchanges. They are characterized by the efforts of the couple to build a family by overcoming differences in culture and language.
In most cases in Japan, funerals are conducted in a Buddhist style. The funeral consists of two parts, a wake and a main ceremony (including a farewell ritual). The wake, called “Tsuya” in Japanese, is a gathering in which people related to the deceased, such as friends and relatives, spend the last night with the deceased while praying for the repose of the deceased. In the ceremony held the following day, monks chant sutras and attendees offer incense while praying for the repose of the deceased. Japanese funerals are said to be solemn ceremonies in which people respectfully and quietly bid farewell to the deceased.
In Japan, funerals often cost a large amount of money. The cost of a funeral varies depending on its scale and style, but generally speaking it is said to cost from one million yen to two million yen. The cost includes the fee for using a funeral hall, the altar, the coffin, gratuities for the monk, and the expense of cremation. Also, there is a custom in which the attendees bring condolence money called “Koden” in Japanese, and part of the money helps with the financial burden of the funeral costs. The funeral is an important ritual in which many people gather to mourn the deceased and bid farewell.
In Japan, it is customary for attendees at a funeral to bring condolence money called “Koden.” The amount differs depending on how close the attendee is to the deceased, but generally speaking, in cases of friends or acquaintances it usually ranges from five thousand yen to ten thousand yen. Some relatives offer more. Koden is placed in a special envelope with black-and-white ceremonial cords. Also, there is a custom of giving attendees a return gift for Koden called “Koden-Kaeshi.” Giving Koden to express condolences is one of the cultural customs unique to Japan.
In Japan, almost all of the deceased are cremated. The cremation rate is nearly one hundred percent, which is at an outstandingly high level in the world. This is said to be largely caused by limited land for burial and Buddhist influence. Normally, the bereaved family move to a crematorium after the funeral and farewell ceremony, where the cremation takes place. After the cremation, they collect the remains and place them in an urn. This ritual is called “Kotsuage” (bone-picking). Then, the urn is placed in a family grave or in a columbarium.
Japanese people enjoy their free time in various ways: watching TV, listening to music, watching movies, and reading books. Besides, there are many people who like to spend their leisure time playing sports, traveling, shopping, or eating out. Nowadays, more and more people enjoy playing video games or watching videos on the internet or on smartphones. Leisure is a very important time when people can relax both body and mind and enjoy their hobbies in their busy daily lives.
Japanese children enjoy their leisure time in various ways. At home, they watch TV, play video games, and read manga or comic books as popular pastimes, while outdoors they often have fun playing sports or games with their friends in parks or school grounds. Nowadays, more and more children enjoy watching videos or playing online games on the internet or on smartphones. These activities are not only fun for them but also an important time to deepen their friendships.
In Japan, many fathers lead very busy lives at work, but they have various ways to enjoy their leisure time. Many watch TV, watch sports, or enjoy their hobbies. It is also common for them to eat out or have drinks with friends or co-workers. Nowadays more and more fathers enjoy sports such as golf, fishing, and jogging. This leisure time gives them good opportunities to relieve fatigue from work and refresh both body and mind.
Young Japanese women enjoy their leisure time in various ways. It is popular among them to go shopping and chat with their friends. Also, many of them like to watch movies, listen to music, or go on trips. Nowadays, it is becoming more common to use social media and take photos and share them with their friends. These activities can be an important time to relax or deepen friendships.
Elderly Japanese people enjoy their leisure time in various ways while maintaining their health. Many enjoy taking a walk, doing exercises, or playing light sports such as gateball. It is also popular among them to watch TV, read books, or do gardening. Many elderly people chat with their friends or take part in community activities. These activities help them stay healthy and maintain connections with society.
In Japan, there are several entertainments unique to Japan. One of the representative examples is karaoke. Karaoke is the entertainment, born in Japan, to provide for an exciting opportunity to enjoy singing with friends or co-workers. Also, manga and anime are unique Japanese cultures which are very popular throughout the world. Moreover, pachinko parlors and game arcades are enjoyed by many people. These entertainments characterize modern Japanese cultures.
Pachinko is one of the most popular pastimes in Japan. Pachinko parlors have many machines on which people play by shooting tiny silver balls. The system works like this: when a ball gets into certain holes, many balls come out. The players can exchange the balls they win for prizes, and they can later exchange the prizes for cash. Pachinko parlors are seen in many places in big cities in Japan. It is one of the forms of entertainment that people can easily enjoy.
In Japan, many people enjoy various sports. Popular sports that people play themselves include jogging, walking, tennis, and golf. Besides, baseball, soccer, and basketball are also very popular. Recently, as health consciousness becomes stronger, more people enjoy fitness exercises, yoga, and training at the gym. These sports help people stay healthy, refresh the mind, and relieve stress.
In Japan, there are several popular sports to watch. The most popular sports are baseball and soccer. There are many spectators at professional baseball games and J-League matches, and many more people watch them on TV. Besides, sumo wrestling is loved by many people as a traditional Japanese sport. Moreover, during international events such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup, many people cheer for Japan on TV or the internet. Watching sports is one of the great enjoyments for many people.
Sumo is a traditional Japanese sport and has a long history. Originally, it was closely related to Shinto rituals and was performed during ceremonies to pray for abundant harvests. In present-day sumo, two wrestlers compete in a ring called the “dohyō,” and one wins the match when he pushes his opponent out of the ring or makes the opponent touch the ground inside the ring with any part of his body except the soles of the feet. Sumo has unique manners and rituals. It is loved by many people as one of the traditional aspects of Japanese culture.
Judo is one of the martial arts that were born in Japan. It was founded by Jigoro Kano at the end of the 19th century. Judo is a sport in which victory is decided by throwing or holding down the opponent. Techniques and balance are valued as much as physical strength. It is also characterized by the spirits of “maximum efficiency” and “mutual welfare and benefit.” It is practiced throughout the world and has been adopted as an official Olympic sport. Judo is not only a sport but also one of the traditional Japanese martial arts.
The professional baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. Nowadays, it is made up of two leagues, the Central League and Pacific League, each of which has six games. During the season, every team has many games to compete for the championship. In the post season, each of the league champion compete with each other to win the number one in Japan. Many of the games are broadcast on TV. The professional baseball, which is loved by many fans, is one of the representative Japanese popular sports.
In Japan, there are traditional martial arts that have long been known as “budo.” Representative examples include judo, kendo, karate, and kyudo. These forms of budo originally developed as techniques that samurai learned for use in battle. Nowadays they are practiced as sports or forms of mental discipline. In budo, manners and spirit are valued as much as techniques. Budo is also practiced throughout the world and is widely known as one of Japan’s traditions.
In Japan, there is a custom of sending New Year’s cards on New Year’s Day. The number of cards depends on the individual. It is generally said to be several dozen per person. Many cards are sent to business associates, relatives, and friends, and company employees tend to send rather many cards. Recently, due to the spread of e-mails and social networks, the number has been on the decline, but it is still considered an important custom as a New Year greeting.
Hatsumode (the first visit of the year) refers to visits that people make to Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples to pray for good health and happiness in the New Year. The main blessings include family safety, good health, business prosperity, and academic success. Besides praying on behalf of oneself or one’s family, it serves as an expression of gratitude for having spent the previous year safely. Shrines and temples provide visitors with amulets and fortune slips, from which one can expect to receive the particular blessing they want. Hatsumode is an important event to renew one’s spirit at the beginning of the New Year.
Ochugen and Oseibo refer to the traditional Japanese customs of giving gifts. Ochugen gifts are presented in summer, while Oseibo gifts are given at the end of the year. Both serve as an expression of gratitude to the people to whom one is indebted in daily life. Those who receive Ochugen or Oseibo are generally work-related supervisors, business partners, and relatives. In these customs, foods and daily necessities are often selected, with consideration to avoid placing too much burden on the recipients. These customs are said to represent the Japanese culture of valuing relationships between people.
In Japan, making a bow is one of the important forms of etiquette to express greetings, gratitude, apology, and other feelings. Bows have several types, from a light one to a deep one, and are properly used depending on the situation. Generally speaking, for a light bow, you lower your head slightly, while in more formal situations, you bend your upper body forward deeply. It is important to make a bow with utmost sincerity while keeping your back straight. Thus, making a bow is one of the uniquely Japanese manners to show respect to the other person.
It is true that Japanese people do not always dislike shaking hands, but they do not often do so in everyday life. This is because in Japan, making a bow has long been rooted as a means to express greetings or respect. Besides, Japanese people tend to refrain from physical contact and consider it polite to maintain a proper distance from the other person. Nevertheless, it is common in business or international situations to shake hands. Thus, making a bow or shaking hands is properly chosen depending on the situation.
The custom of kissing as a greeting is not common in Japan. In many cases, greetings are expressed by bowing, and shaking hands is seen mainly in business or international situations. Japanese people tend to refrain from physical contact and consider it polite to maintain a proper distance from the other person. However, light physical contact is sometimes seen between family members and close friends. Thus, in Japan, methods of greeting vary and are chosen depending on the relationship with the other person or the situation.
Janken, which is an easy way to decide a winner, is often used to settle matters fairly. The participants simultaneously put out their hands, choosing one of the three forms: Gu (stone), Choki (scissors), and Pa (paper). The rule is simple: Gu beats Choki, Choki beats Pa, and Pa beats Gu. In Japan, everyone, young and old, uses janken in daily life as a common way to smoothly determine such small things as deciding order and assigning roles. Besides, notably, they synchronize their timing by chanting “Saisho wa gu, janken-pon” just before putting out their hands.
Japanese names often have meanings behind them. Especially, each kanji character used for personal names has a special meaning, and parents name their children with kanji characters that reflect their wishes for their children’s health, happiness, and success. When different kanji characters with the same pronunciation are used, the overall meaning changes. Besides, the sound and the combination of kanji characters for names are highly valued. Thus, Japanese names are not mere labels but are considered important as expressions of a family’s wishes and hopes.
Japanese people tend to like flowers and plants through which they can particularly feel the seasons. Among them, cherry trees have special significance in that people have a culture of enjoying viewing their blossoms in spring. Besides, autumn leaves, plum blossoms, and chrysanthemums are loved as symbols representing the seasons. Japanese people have a sense of beauty that values the changing of natural scenery and tend to find beauty or transience in flowers that bloom only for a short time. Moreover, as seen in gardens and bonsai, a culture of incorporating nature into small spaces has developed. These values significantly influence Japanese people’s tastes in plants.
Japanese people tend to like animals that give a sense of closeness, familiarity, or gentleness. Especially, dogs and cats are so popular that they are often treated affectionately as members of the family. Japanese people are also interested in animals that are closely related to the four seasons or nature, including cranes, deer, and goldfish, which have often been used as motifs in traditional culture and art. Moreover, in Japan, there is a strong tendency to seek a sense of comfort or healing from animals, so pandas and small animals are loved by many people. Thus, factors such as closeness, symbolism, and healing significantly influence Japanese people’s tastes in animals.
The reason why pine, bamboo, plum, cranes, and tortoises are considered auspicious is that each of them represents longevity, prosperity, or good fortune. Pine and bamboo represent permanence or vitality because they stay green all year round. Plum symbolizes perseverance or hope because it blooms early in the cold season. Cranes and tortoises have long been known as symbols of longevity, as the saying goes, “Cranes live for a thousand years, and tortoises for ten thousand years.” These motifs are often used in New Year celebrations, ceremonies, and traditional events, and represent the Japanese sense of auspiciousness.
In Japan, various kinds of fortune-telling are popular, and there is a tendency to like those that can be enjoyed in a familiar and casual way. For example, blood type fortune-telling and horoscopes are so widely featured on TV and in magazines that they are popular among many people. Besides, omikuji (fortune slips drawn at shrines and temples), palm reading, and name-based fortune-telling are also popular and are used as a means of learning about one’s luck and personality. Moreover, omikuji, which are drawn at shrines and temples, are enjoyed as part of people’s visits or annual events. Thus, the ease and enjoyment with which people can enjoy fortune-telling in their daily lives are said to be the main reasons why it is so popular in Japan.
The twelve zodiac signs are a system used to indicate time and directions, based on ancient Chinese culture. They consist of twelve animals: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Boar. Each is assigned to a specific year and serves as a zodiac sign. Originally, they were used to indicate the calendar, directions, and time, but nowadays, they are mainly recognized as indicators of the year. Besides, they are often associated with a person’s personality or fortune and are deeply rooted in Japanese culture and daily life.
Butsumetsu and Taian are days in the traditional calendar system called “Rokuyō,” which is used as an indicator of a day’s fortune. Rokuyō consists of six types of days: Taian, Butsumetsu, Senshō, Tomobiki, Senbu, and Shakkō. It is said that each day has a different level of auspiciousness. For example, Taian is considered the luckiest day, so it is often chosen for weddings and business openings. Butsumetsu, on the other hand, is considered an unlucky day, so people tend to avoid holding important events on this day. This system originated in China, but nowadays, it is widely recognized in daily life in Japan and is often used as a reference when selecting dates for events.
Many stories about supernatural beings called “yōkai” have been told in Japan since ancient times. They have been closely related to people’s lives and culture. Representative yōkai include Kappa, Tengu, and Oni, each of which has distinctive appearances and characteristics. It is true that these yōkai are often portrayed as frightening beings, but they also have somewhat familiar and humorous qualities. They appeared in folktales and picture scrolls in the past and still appear today in anime and manga. They have remained familiar to people over the ages. Yōkai in Japan are not only considered terrifying beings, but are also accepted as cultural symbols.
The population of Japan is about 120 million, but it has been decreasing in recent years due to an aging society and a declining birthrate. The average life expectancy of Japanese people is about 84, which is among the highest in the world. The average family size is getting smaller, and now the average number of family members is about 2 to 3.
In Japan, in the past, large families in which three or more generations lived together were common. That is to say, family members from grandparents to grandchildren lived together in the same household. The family centered around a family head and valued family bonds and distinct roles of family members. However, nowadays, there is a strong tendency toward nuclear families, and families consisting only of parents and children are common. Besides, due to the increase in dual-income households and a declining birthrate, family styles and values have become more diverse. Thus, the family structure in Japan has greatly changed over time.
The reason Japanese people tend to act in groups is that they strongly value harmony with others. Japan has a long history in which people lived in close-knit village communities, where they tried to avoid conflicts with others and valued harmony. Moreover, nowadays, in schools and workplaces, it is considered important to act in groups and obey rules, and therefore, the idea of prioritizing the group over the individual has been well developed. Thus, this is why Japanese people tend to act in groups and in harmony with others.
Japanese people are often said to distinguish between honne and tatemae because they place a strong value on harmony in relationships. Honne refers to a person’s true feelings and opinions, while tatemae refers to outward expressions shaped by social expectations and consideration for others. To avoid conflict and maintain smooth relationships, people may use these differently depending on the situation. This does not necessarily mean insincerity, but rather reflects a communication style that emphasizes respect for others.
The main ideologies that have influenced the mindset of Japanese people are Shinto, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shinto is a belief in respecting nature and ancestors and has greatly influenced the Japanese view of nature and festival traditions. Buddhism has brought views on life and death, as well as an awareness of impermanence, and has much to do with people’s values and funeral customs. Confucianism has influenced social norms such as filial piety, hierarchical relationships, and respect for etiquette. These ideologies have merged with one another and have become the foundation of Japanese people’s behavior and values.
When it comes to the characteristics of Japanese people, harmony with others and a high level of cooperation are often mentioned. Besides, they tend to value politeness and manners and show consideration for others. Moreover, they are diligent and responsible, and they try to fulfill their assigned duties. They are also often seen to refrain from expressing their opinions strongly and to place importance on reading the atmosphere. These characteristics are thought to have been shaped by Japanese society and culture.
The present educational system in Japan was mainly established in the Meiji era. In 1872, the “Gakusei” (Education System Order) was promulgated, and the foundation of modern education was laid with the introduction of a national school system. Later, after the end of the Second World War, educational reforms were introduced under the influence of the American education system, establishing the present 6-3-3-4 system (six-year elementary school, three-year junior high school, three-year senior high school, and four-year university). Thus, modern education in Japan began in the Meiji era and was further developed through postwar reforms into the present system.
There are various kinds of schools in Japan. The main education system consists of elementary school, junior high school, senior high school, and university. Elementary school and junior high school are compulsory, meaning that every child must attend them. Besides senior high school and university, there are other educational institutions where students can learn practical skills and specialized knowledge, including vocational schools and junior colleges. Moreover, there are preschool institutions such as kindergartens and nursery schools. In short, children can receive education and care according to their stages of growth. Thus, various kinds of educational institutions have been established in Japan.
In Japan, there are a great number of schools, and the numbers vary depending on the level of education. There are about 20,000 elementary schools, 10,000 junior high schools, 5,000 senior high schools, and about 800 universities. Many of the universities are private. These schools are widely distributed throughout Japan, not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. Due to the declining birthrate, these numbers tend to decrease, although each region is making efforts to maintain local educational environments.
In Japan, the high school enrollment rate is very high, and almost all junior high school students go on to high school. It is currently around 98 to 99 percent, and high school education is virtually equivalent to compulsory education. On the other hand, the university advancement rate is about 55 to 60 percent, and it is even higher if junior colleges and vocational schools are included. In recent years, along with the increase in the advancement rate, a wider range of educational and career paths has been emphasized, and general courses, specialized courses, and vocational education are chosen based on students’ abilities and goals. In this way, in Japan, an environment is in place where many young people can receive secondary and higher education.
There are several notable differences between Japanese and American schools. In Japan, almost the same educational curriculum is adopted throughout the country, with an emphasis on the equal acquisition of basic academic skills among students. On the other hand, in America, educational content varies by state or school, with many elective subjects available for students to choose based on their interests and abilities. Besides, in Japan, discipline and group activities are highly valued, and therefore, students carry out assigned duties such as cleaning and serving lunch. In America, such activities are uncommon, as individual autonomy is emphasized. Moreover, there is also a difference in the roles of club activities and school events. In Japanese schools, group-oriented aspects are more strongly emphasized.
One of the reasons why there are so many yobiko (preparatory schools) and juku (after-school tutoring schools) in Japan is the competitive nature of entrance examinations. When advancing to senior high schools and universities, the results of entrance examinations are highly valued, so many students and their parents seek additional learning support outside of school. Besides, the pace of classroom instruction is adjusted to the average level of students, and therefore, for students who want to deepen their understanding or study more advanced material, juku play an important role. Moreover, in the background, there is parents’ strong concern for their children’s education and a shared desire to aim for more prestigious schools at the next stage of education. Thus, entrance examination competition and a strong emphasis on education have led to the widespread presence of yobiko and juku.
There are several notable differences in work style and work values between Japan and the United States. In Japan, lifetime employment and seniority-based promotion are traditionally valued, and employees tend to work for the same company for a long time. Besides, teamwork and organizational harmony are emphasized, so decision-making tends to take longer in order to form consensus. On the other hand, in the United States, individual abilities and performance are more highly valued, and it is common to change jobs. Employees are given more discretion in decision-making, and therefore, they tend to make decisions more quickly. In conclusion, Japanese companies are characterized by a group-oriented approach, while American ones emphasize individual orientation.
Japanese people are internationally well known as hard-working, but in recent years, actual working hours have been decreasing. At present, the average annual working hours are about 1,600 to 1,700 hours, which is lower than in the past. This decrease has been influenced by growing awareness of work style reform, revisions to the Labor Standards Act, and efforts by companies to encourage employees to take paid leave. However, compared with other developed countries, working hours in Japan are still relatively long. In particular, in the service industry and other sectors, workers often work overtime. Thus, although work style reform is making progress in Japan, the issue of long working hours remains a significant challenge.
Japanese workers have legally required days off as well as paid leave. First, the Labor Standards Act stipulates that employers must give employees at least one day off per week. In many companies, a two-day weekend system is common. Besides, employees are granted paid leave ranging from 10 to 20 days, the number of which varies depending on their years of service. Moreover, there are about 16 national holidays a year in Japan. However, the rate of taking paid leave is not very high, and many workers do not use all of their paid leave. Thus, the system of days off is well established, but it is not fully utilized.
The average annual income of Japanese people varies depending on job type, age, and company size, but in general, it is said to be approximately 4 to 5 million yen. Admittedly, regular employees earn relatively stable incomes, but as the proportion of non-regular employees has been increasing, income disparity has become a social issue. In addition, due to the seniority-based system, younger people tend to earn less, and incomes generally increase with age. Moreover, there is a notable gap in wage levels between urban and rural areas. Thus, in Japan, overall income levels are relatively stable, although there are differences depending on employment type and region.
Traditionally in Japan, promotions in salary and position mainly depended on the seniority-based system and years of service. It was common for companies to have a system of gradually increasing employees’ salaries and positions for those who worked for the same company for a long time. Recently, however, more companies have adopted a performance-based system and skill-based evaluation, leading to differences in the pace of promotion depending on individual achievements and abilities. In addition, more people are seeking career advancement and higher pay by changing jobs. Thus, in Japan, the traditional seniority-based system and the emerging performance-based system coexist when it comes to promotions in salary and position.
One of the reasons why there are many employees living apart from their families in Japan is the company transfer system. It is common for Japanese companies to require employees to move to a different workplace, in order to assign employees efficiently across the country. However, due to their children’s education and their spouses’ work situations, it is often difficult for families to relocate together. As a result, only the employee moves to the assigned workplace. In addition, in Japan, housing conditions and educational environments are highly valued, and there is a cultural tendency not to change one’s living arrangements easily. Thus, the combination of corporate personnel systems and family circumstances is the main reason why this practice is relatively common.
Business cards are one of the most important tools in business settings in Japan. A business card usually includes a person’s name, company name, job title, and contact information, serving as a formal introduction when meeting someone for the first time. Especially during business negotiations or meetings, the exchange of business cards is valued as part of the greeting process. However, this does not mean that people cannot do business without business cards. Nowadays, due to the spread of email, online meetings, and digital business cards, there are more and more situations where business cards are unnecessary. Thus, the custom of exchanging business cards is still important, but it is gradually changing with the times.
In Japan, hanko, or personal seals, have long been used as a method of identity verification and expression of intent. They have often been necessary for important occasions such as opening a bank account, signing a real estate contract, submitting documents to government offices, and processing internal company documents. In daily life, they were also used when receiving parcel deliveries or signing simple confirmation forms. However, recently, more procedures no longer require a hanko due to the spread of electronic signatures and digitalization. Thus, hanko still play an important role, but they are becoming less necessary.
In Japan, in the past, it was common to work for the same company for a long time, and job changes were not very common. Lifetime employment and the seniority-based system were widely accepted, so many people kept working until retirement at the company they had joined when they were young. However, recently, due to changes in work styles and values, there have been more and more people changing jobs. By changing jobs, they seek higher pay, better working conditions, workplaces where they can make use of their expertise, and a better work-life balance. Thus, in Japan, job changes are not as frequent as in Western countries, but they are becoming more common than before.
In Japanese companies, it was common to set the retirement age at 60. However, in response to current issues such as an aging society and labor shortages, companies are now required to establish systems to ensure employment opportunities until age 65. Therefore, many companies have introduced a reemployment system in which employees formally retire once at the age of 60 and can continue working after that. Moreover, recently, companies have been asked to make efforts to secure employment opportunities until the age of 70. However, these systems vary depending on job category and company size or policy. Thus, retirement systems in Japan have been gradually extended in response to a longer-living society.
In Japan, employment rates for both men and women are rather high, although the rate for men is still somewhat higher than that for women. In general, among working-age people, many men have full-time jobs, while the female employment rate has been increasing greatly in recent years. In particular, the number of women who continue working even after marriage and childbirth is increasing. Now, dual-income families are becoming more common. However, more women than men work part-time or in non-regular employment. The government and companies seek to promote childcare support and work style reform to create better working environments for both male and female workers. Thus, in Japan, both men and women commonly participate in the workforce, although there are still differences in working styles and employment conditions between them.
In Japan, there are many more women who continue working after getting married than before. In the past, many women quit their jobs due to marriage and childbirth, but recently, it has become common for them to continue working because of the increase in dual-income households and changes in values toward work. Moreover, improvements in the childcare leave system, childcare services, and companies’ work style reforms support their continued employment. On the other hand, there are still several challenges, including the burden of balancing work and family life and the high rate of non-regular employment among women. Thus, more women continue working after marriage, and this has almost become a common pattern in society.
In Japan, in principle, everyone aged 20 to 60 is enrolled in the public pension system. The basis of the system is the National Pension, which mainly covers self-employed people, students, and unemployed people. On the other hand, office workers and public employees are enrolled in Employees’ Pension Insurance, and the insurance premium varies according to salary, being shared by the employee and the employer. In the future, besides the old-age pension, people may receive a disability pension or a survivors’ pension. Recently, maintaining this system has become a challenge due to the declining birthrate and aging population, leading to heated discussions over the pension eligibility age and premium burden. The Japanese pension system is often described as one in which all generations support the elderly.
The amount of Japanese public pension varies greatly depending on the contribution period, working style, and income. First, for those enrolled only in the National Pension system, if one is eligible for the full benefit, the monthly amount of the old-age basic pension is about 60,000 to 70,000 yen. On the other hand, Employees’ Pension, in which office workers and public servants are enrolled, provides a higher pension amount because of the addition of the earnings-related portion. The average amount received by employee households, with the husband’s and wife’s pensions combined, is about 200,000 yen or sometimes higher. Workers who earned high incomes and worked for many years receive more, while those whose enrollment period is short receive less. The standard age to start receiving a pension is, in principle, 65, but an early claim reduces the amount, while a deferred claim increases it. Thus, the amount of pension differs from person to person, depending on working style and enrollment period.
In Japan, the enrollment rate for life insurance is high, and many families have one or more insurance policies. The average coverage amount varies depending on age and family structure, but in the past, in many cases, the death benefit coverage for the breadwinner of the family was 20 to 30 million yen. Nowadays, however, due to the declining birthrate and changes in values, more people review their coverage needs or combine life insurance with term insurance or medical insurance. The annual insurance premium is several hundred thousand yen per household, which may total around 20,000 to 30,000 yen per month. On the other hand, the amounts vary greatly in the cases of single people, older people, and families with children. Japanese people tend to value saving money, although they also highly value life insurance as protection against unexpected events.
In Japan, hospitals and medical clinics are well established throughout the country, so it can be said that medical facilities are relatively well developed. In urban areas, there are many large hospitals and specialized hospitals that provide advanced medical care, while in rural areas, there are general hospitals and private clinics that provide community healthcare. The Japanese healthcare system is characterized by the fact that many people can see a doctor at relatively low out-of-pocket cost due to the universal health insurance system. Moreover, the emergency medical system and health checkup system are well established, leading to Japan’s long average life expectancy. However, there are some challenges such as an increase in patients due to an aging society, a shortage of doctors, regional medical disparities, and pressure on emergency transportation services. On the whole, medical standards and access to medical services in Japan are highly regarded worldwide.
Currently, in Japan, the leading cause of death is cancer (malignant neoplasms). It has long ranked first, accounting for more than one-fourth of all deaths. It is followed by heart disease (heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and others), senility, cerebrovascular disease, and pneumonia, in that order. Notably, senility has been ranking higher in recent years due to population aging. On the other hand, the death rates from stroke and pneumonia have tended to decline because of medical advances. Overall, in Japan today, cancer, heart disease, and senility are the top three causes of death.
In Japan, in principle, the universal health coverage system, under which all people can enroll, is well established. Office workers and public servants enroll in health insurance provided through their employers, while it is common for self-employed workers, students, and retired people to enroll in National Health Insurance. Foreigners who reside in Japan on a medium-to-long-term basis are often eligible for enrollment if they have completed resident registration. If one is enrolled in health insurance, their out-of-pocket cost is generally limited to about 10 to 30 percent of medical expenses, and they can also receive support under the High-Cost Medical Expense Benefit System. However, those who stay in Japan only for a short term or who do not pay premiums face certain restrictions on eligibility. Thus, in Japan, a medical system through which many people can access medical care with ease is well established.
Religion in Japan is not so much a matter of devout faith in specific doctrines as a cultural presence deeply connected to daily habits, annual events, and life ceremonies. For example, people visit Shinto shrines during the New Year holidays, hold wedding ceremonies in a Christian style, and have funerals in a Buddhist manner. Many of them adopt elements from more than one religion without feeling any contradiction. Many people do not consider themselves devout believers, but they respect ancestor memorial rites, visiting graves, local festivals, and warding off misfortune. Shinto, Buddhism, and Confucianism have blended through Japan’s long history, helping form a unique Japanese sense of religion. In short, religion means to many Japanese people not so much faith or confession as something close to everyday life and a source of spiritual comfort.
The Shinto deities did not suddenly appear in any specific period, but were formed over a long period of time through ancient people’s nature worship and ancestor veneration. It is thought that the deities originated from the belief that people felt mysterious sacred power in mountains, rivers, seas, tall trees, rocks, thunder, and other natural objects, and worshiped them as deities. As society became more agricultural, festivals to pray for good harvests, rain, and the safety of villages developed. Later, in the 8th century, Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan) were compiled to record Japanese mythology systematically. In short, Shinto deities were not created by human beings, but developed naturally through people’s everyday life and faith.
Shinto is not the state religion in present-day Japan. The Constitution of Japan guarantees freedom of religion and stipulates the principle of separation of religion and the state. Because of this, the government is not allowed to establish a specific religion as the state religion. Shinto organizations are not state institutions but are operated as religious corporations. However, from the Meiji Era to the end of the World War II, a system called State Shinto was established, which closely connected Shinto with state rituals and education. After the war, this system was abolished. Although Shinto today plays an important role and remains closely related to Japanese culture, annual events, and local communities, legally it is not a state religion.
There are many sects of Japanese Buddhism. In the Heian period, the Tendai Buddhism sect founded by Saicho and the Shingon Buddhism sect founded by Kukai had a powerful influence. In the Kamakura period, sects that were easy for common people to understand, such as the Jodo Buddhism sect, Jodo Shinshu, Nichiren Buddhism, and Zen schools such as Rinzai School and Soto School, became widespread. These sects are still closely connected with the lives of Japanese people today through funerals, memorial services, grave visits, and other customs.
Both “Namu Amida Butsu” and “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō” are important phrases chanted in Buddhism. However, they differ in meaning and background. “Namu Amida Butsu” is mainly chanted in Pure Land Buddhist sects, meaning “I take refuge in Amida Buddha” and seek salvation. It is a prayer for being reborn in the Pure Land through faith in the compassion of Amida Buddha. On the other hand, “Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō” is chanted in Nichiren Buddhist sects, meaning “I take refuge in the supreme teaching of the Lotus Sutra.” This represents faith in the Lotus Sutra, which teaches the truth of the universe and life. Thus, both phrases share the word “Namu” (to take refuge), while differing in their object of faith.
Zen, which is widely known in Japan, is one branch of Buddhism. It is a Buddhist tradition that seeks to calm the mind and attain enlightenment mainly through the practice of zazen (seated meditation). It is characterized by placing emphasis on personal experience and practice rather than on knowledge of the sutras. Zen practitioners try to remove distractions and reflect on the true nature of the mind by regulating breathing and correcting posture while sitting calmly. In Japan, Zen spread nationwide during the Kamakura period and significantly influenced the samurai and intellectuals. Moreover, it has been deeply related to the tea ceremony, gardens, calligraphy, and martial arts. The representative sects are the Rinzai Sect and the Soto Sect. Thus, Zen is not only a religion but has also had a deep cultural influence on Japanese mental discipline and aesthetic sensibility.
Japanese people visit Buddhist temples mainly on occasions such as Buddhist events and for individual prayers. The most common occasions to visit temples are funerals and memorial services, where people honor their ancestors. In addition, many people visit family graves during the equinox period (Higan) or Obon, the Festival of the Dead. Moreover, it is also common to visit temples for tourism or cultural interest. Some visitors come to find peace of mind in a quiet atmosphere. Thus, in Japan, Buddhist temples serve not only as religious places but also as important places closely connected to people’s daily lives and culture.
In Japan, there are many newspaper companies, both national and local, whose number is estimated to be more than one hundred. Representative national newspapers include The Yomiuri Shimbun, The Asahi Shimbun, The Mainichi Shimbun, The Nikkei, and The Sankei Shimbun. In the past, Japan was known for having one of the highest newspaper circulation figures in the world, and in particular, The Yomiuri Shimbun once had a circulation of over 10 million copies. Nowadays, due to the spread of the Internet, circulation has been declining, although major newspapers still maintain several million copies. Thus, Japan has long been known as a country with very high newspaper readership.
Nowadays, newspapers do not sell as well as they used to. Due to the spread of the internet and smartphones, more and more people read news articles online, which has caused a decline in newspaper circulation over the long term. For example, in the 2000s, total newspaper circulation was over fifty million, but recently, it has declined to about twenty-six million. However, from a global perspective, circulation is still relatively high, and major newspaper companies maintain circulation in the millions. Thus, it can be said that newspapers in Japan have been declining, although they still serve as an important source of information.
There are many TV stations, both national and local, in Japan. Representative broadcasters include NHK, Nippon TV, TBS Television, Fuji Television, TV Asahi, and TV Tokyo. In addition, each prefecture has local stations that broadcast regional news and information. Overall, including private broadcasters, NHK, and satellite broadcasters, there are several hundred television stations and affiliated stations in Japan. Recently, online streaming services have greatly changed viewing habits, although television still functions as an important source of information.
Regarding TV programs, news shows, dramas, variety shows, anime, and sports broadcasts are very popular in Japan. In particular, variety shows, featuring uniquely Japanese humor and game segments, are enjoyed by people of all ages. Also, anime is popular not only in Japan but also overseas, and it has become one of the representative forms of Japanese culture. Besides, sports broadcasts such as sumo, baseball, and soccer often receive high ratings. On the other hand, recently, especially among younger generations, more people are using online streaming and video services. Thus, television culture in Japan is becoming more diverse and changing over time.
In Japan, people read various kinds of books such as novels, manga, magazines, and practical books. As for novels, mysteries, romance novels, and historical novels are popular, while manga is enjoyed by people of all ages. Besides, many weekly magazines, fashion magazines, and hobby magazines are published. Nowadays, more people read books and articles not only in printed form but also on e-books and smartphones. Also, many people read while commuting on trains, and reading has become a relatively common pastime. Thus, Japan has developed a rich publishing culture with a wide variety of genres.
In Japan, there have been many world-famous manga artists. The most representative figure is Osamu Tezuka, who was called “the God of Manga” and laid the foundation of modern Japanese manga through works such as Astro Boy. Akira Toriyama gained worldwide popularity through Dragon Ball. Eiichiro Oda is well known as the author of One Piece. Other internationally famous creators include Hayao Miyazaki (better known as an anime director than a manga artist), Rumiko Takahashi, and Takehiko Inoue. Thus, Japanese manga artists have had a great influence on both Japanese and foreign cultures.
Among Japanese animations, there are many masterpieces with high reputations worldwide. The works created by Studio Ghibli such as My Neighbor Totoro, Spirited Away, and Princess Mononoke are loved by a wide range of generations because of their beautiful images and meaningful stories. Doraemon and Crayon Shin-chan have long been loved as family-oriented animations. Besides, the contemporary works including Dragon Ball, One Piece, and Demon Slayer have gained worldwide popularity due to their action scenes and attractive characters. Your Name., directed by Makoto Shinkai, was a big hit internationally. Thus, Japanese animations not only give us a pleasurable pastime but also play an important role in letting the world know more about Japanese culture.
There have been many Japanese musicians active on the world stage. In classical music, the conductor Seiji Ozawa had a high reputation worldwide and conducted many famous orchestras. The composer Jo Hisaishi is well known throughout the world for his works for Studio Ghibli animations. In contemporary music, Ryuichi Sakamoto achieved worldwide success in the genres of movie music and electronic music. In popular music, YMO, Hikaru Utada, BABYMETAL and other musicians became very popular overseas. Besides, now, new artists such as YOASOBI and Ado are receiving more attention from the world. Thus, Japanese musicians have been showing their international prominence in various genres.
In Japan, like Western countries, classical music is enjoyed by many people. The most famous piece is Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9. It is sung in a big chorus at the end of the year, being one of the Japan’s winter traditions. Besides, Mozart’s Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Bach’s Air on the G String, and Chopin’s piano music are very popular. Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake and The Nutcracker are widely known as ballet music. Classical music is often used for TV programs, commercials, and music education at school, so it has become one of the most familiar genres of music to Japanese people.
現在の日本の若い人たちは、さまざまなジャンルの音楽を楽しんでいます。特にJ-POPは依然として人気が高く、YOASOBI、Ado、Official髭男dism、Mrs. GREEN APPLE などのアーティストが支持されています。また、アニメの主題歌やボーカロイド系の音楽も若い世代に人気があります。K-POPも非常に人気があり、韓国のアイドルグループの音楽やダンスが多くの若者に親しまれています。最近では、Spotify や YouTube などの配信サービスを通じて、自分の好みに合った音楽を自由に聴く人が増えています。このように、若い世代の音楽の好みは多様化し、国際的になっています。
Japanese young people, nowadays, enjoy various genres of music. Especially, J-pop is still very popular, with musicians such as YOASOBI, Ado, Official HIGE DANDism, and Mrs. GREEN APPLE. Besides, theme songs of animation and Vocaloid-related music are also popular among the younger generations. K-pop is very popular, and young people love the songs and dances by Korean idol groups. Moreover, through streaming services such as Spotify and YouTube, more people freely listen to their favorite kind of music. Thus, the musical tastes of the younger generations have become more diverse and more international.
In Japan, there have been many artists with good reputations worldwide. In Ukiyo-e, Hokusai Katsushika and Hiroshige Utagawa are especially famous, and their works have had a great influence on European artists. In contemporary art, Yayoi Kusama has worldwide popularity because of her distinctive works with polka-dot patterns. Takashi Murakami is also internationally known for his works with the fusion of pop culture and contemporary art. Moreover, Taro Okamoto is known for his powerful, original works, and his Tower of the Sun is one of the representative artworks in Japan. Thus, Japanese artists have had a great influence on various genres, from traditional to modern.
There are several differences between Japanese paintings and Western paintings. Japanese paintings often use traditional materials such as washi paper, silk, mineral pigments, and sumi ink. On the other hand, in Western paintings, canvases and oil paints are usually used. Japanese paintings value the beauty of lines and empty space and tend to depict nature and the four seasons delicately. Western paintings often express three-dimensionality and realism by using perspective and shading. Thus, Japanese paintings emphasize simplicity and tranquility, while Western paintings tend to value realism and three-dimensionality.
Internet access has become widespread in Japan. Nowadays, most people use the Internet, with a penetration rate of more than 90 percent. Especially due to the spread of smartphones, the number of users has increased not only among younger generations but also among elderly people. They use it for various purposes including information gathering, email, social media, online shopping, watching videos, working, and studying. Recently, online meetings and cashless payments have become more common. Thus, the Internet is now indispensable to Japanese people’s daily lives and social activities.
The number of social media users is very large, and most people use some form of social media. Especially, LINE, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok are popular. It is used for many purposes including communicating with friends, gathering information, checking the news, entertainment, and expressing opinions. On the other hand, there are several problems such as false information, the spread of rumors, online abuse, leaks of personal information, and social media addiction. There is great concern about young people’s prolonged use of social media causing lack of sleep and having a bad influence on their study habits.
In Japan, mobile phones are widely used, and most people have one, especially a smartphone. Mobile phones are not only used for talking but also for various other purposes including email, social media, internet searches, maps, shopping, taking photos, and cashless payments. On the other hand, there are several problems such as smartphone addiction through prolonged use, accidents caused by using smartphones while walking, the danger of using them while driving, personal information leaks, lack of sleep, and bad influence on study habits among younger generations. Thus, mobile phones are very convenient, but they need to be used safely and properly.
Tanka poems have long been appreciated as a traditional Japanese poetic form. One great appeal is that only thirty-one syllables, made up of groups of five-seven-five-seven-seven syllables, can express people’s feelings, the beauty of nature, and the changing seasons. The way short words can hold deep meanings or delicate feelings is suitable for a Japanese sense of beauty that values simplicity and lingering emotions. Through learning tanka in school, many Japanese become familiar with this form of literature. Even nowadays, tanka is popular through submission columns in newspapers and magazines or tanka contests. Thus, tanka is loved as literature deeply rooted in Japanese aesthetics and culture.
Haiku is one of the traditional Japanese short poem forms. In general, it is made up of seventeen syllables in a five-seven-five pattern, expressing briefly the beauty of nature, seasonal features, and people’s feelings. Most of the haiku poems contain one “seasonal word” representing a particular season, which makes the imagined scene and atmosphere richer. Notably, although haiku is short in form, it can convey deep meaning and leave some room for imagination. Basho Matsuo is one of the greatest haiku poets ever. Through learning haiku in school, it has become familiar to many Japanese people. Thus, haiku is a unique form of Japanese literature which expresses various aspects of the world with only such short words.
Kabuki, which is one of the traditional Japanese theaters, began in the early 17th century, that is, in the early Edo period. It is generally thought to have begun in Kyoto with the unique dances and performances performed by a woman named Izumo no Okuni. After this, through various changes, it has reached the present form of Kabuki, which is performed only by male actors. There are several distinctive features such as gorgeous costumes, peculiar makeup, and unique acting styles, music, and stage devices. In its long history, it has been appreciated by commoners, leading it to become one of the representative traditional Japanese performing arts. Even nowadays, it is very popular among many people, including foreign tourists.
Noh, which is one of Japan’s representative traditional performing arts, dates back to around the early 14th century, that is, the early Muromachi period. It was derived from performances presented for public entertainment or for the rituals of temples and shrines. Later, it was developed by a father and son, Kan’ami and Zeami, to a high artistic level. Especially, Zeami is well known for having written a theoretical book and laid the foundations of Noh. It is characterized by masks (Omote), slow movements, peculiar music, and poetic lines. In its long history, it has been appreciated by samurai and upper-class people and passed down to the present day as a traditional culture.
Bunraku, which is a traditional Japanese doll theater, dates back to around the 17th century, that is, the early Edo period. It was developed through the combination of Joruri, a narrative performance, with puppet manipulation. Especially in Osaka, it was further developed and became popular due to the works by Monzaemon Chikamatsu. It is characterized by the high skill of three puppeteers manipulating one puppet, shamisen accompaniment, and narrations by storytellers called tayu. One great appeal is that even dolls can richly express various human feelings. It has been passed down to the present day as one of Japan’s representative traditional performing arts.
In the past, in Japan, women relatively often learned tea ceremony and flower arrangement to acquire basic etiquette. Especially, for women from well-to-do families and before getting married, these manners were highly valued as essential refinement. However, nowadays, this idea has greatly changed, and not all Japanese women have enough knowledge of tea ceremony and flower arrangement. Actually, there are many women who have never experienced them. On the other hand, now, some people are learning them as hobbies or out of curiosity for Japanese culture. Thus, tea ceremony and flower arrangement are representative examples of traditional Japanese culture, but nowadays, they are still important as hobbies or cultural pursuits for certain people.
Tea ceremony is different from simply drinking tea, but it has developed into a ritual and spiritual culture as part of traditional Japanese culture. The general purpose of drinking tea is to quench one’s thirst or to enjoy conversation. On the other hand, tea ceremony highly values things such as manners of preparing tea, ways of handling tools, hospitality shown to guests, and etiquette in a quiet atmosphere. Besides, it emphasizes the spirit called Harmony-Respect-Purity-Tranquility as an opportunity to learn harmony, respect, purity, and inner calm. Thus, tea ceremony is not only enjoying tea but also a culture in which one can experience the Japanese sense of beauty and spirituality.
Ikebana flower arrangement is a traditional Japanese form of flower art. It is not simply about decorating flowers, but expresses the beauty of nature by establishing a good balance of flowers, twigs, leaves, and space. Western flower arrangements value showiness and richness in quantity, while Japanese Ikebana often emphasizes simplicity, harmony, and the beauty of empty space. Besides, it values a sense of the seasons and respect for nature. In the past, it was learned as a form of refinement for women, but nowadays, regardless of gender, it is enjoyed as a hobby or art. Thus, Ikebana is a traditional culture that represents the unique Japanese sense of beauty.
The Iemoto system (headmaster system) is a unique system mainly found in traditional Japanese performing arts and culture, including tea ceremony, flower arrangement, and Japanese dance. The iemoto is the supreme authority in a certain school who plays a role in maintaining its skills, manners, and traditions and passing them down to the disciples. The disciples learn the skills step by step until they reach a certain level and get a license or certificate. The Iemoto system is effective in passing down tradition properly, but it is pointed out that it can be too conservative and exclusive. Thus, the Iemoto system is one of the most crucial systems for supporting the preservation of traditional Japanese culture.
Nowadays, in Japan, there are not so many opportunities to write with a writing brush. When writing, most people use a ballpoint pen, a personal computer, or a smartphone. However, even now, there are special occasions when a writing brush is used: for example, in calligraphy classes at school or private calligraphy studios. Besides, sometimes, brush-written characters are used for New Year’s cards, certificates, or traditional events. Also, it is common to write Goshuin, temple and shrine seals, with a brush. Moreover, calligraphy is enjoyed and appreciated by many enthusiasts. Thus, a writing brush is not a daily tool any longer, but it still plays an important role in traditional Japanese culture.
Bonsai is a traditional Japanese art to express natural scenery in a miniature style by growing a tree in a pot. To create a bonsai, first, you plant a suitable tree in a pot. Then, you prune branches and roots regularly and adjust the direction and shape of branches with wires. You do these for a long time while providing water and fertilizer. It is important in bonsai to keep the size small and express a natural form beautifully and with dignity, just like an old tree. To fulfill this, you need not only skills but also patience and powers of observation. Thus, bonsai can be said to be an art created through the cooperation of nature and humans.
Japanese ceramics are highly acclaimed throughout the world. Every region has ceramic-producing areas with a long history. Among them, Arita-ware, Imari-ware, Kutani-ware, Bizen-ware, Mino-ware, and Hagi-ware are famous. These ceramics are well known not only for their beauty but also for their practicality and the high skills of craftsmen. Especially, Arita-ware and Imari-ware were exported to Europe after the 17th century and greatly affected Western ceramic culture. Besides, as the art of tea ceremony developed, ceramic utensils such as tea bowls were more highly valued. Thus, Japanese ceramics are appreciated throughout the world as a traditional art which has both artistic quality and practicality.
Japanese lacquerware is well known throughout the world for its beauty and durability. Lacquer is made from natural sap and is strong against moisture and heat. Besides, lacquerware decorated with methods such as maki-e (gold or silver sprinkled lacquer decoration) and raden (mother-of-pearl inlay) is highly valued as works of art. Especially, Wajima lacquerware, Aizu lacquerware, and Yamanaka lacquerware are famous. They have been used for tableware, furniture, and accessories and are closely related to Japanese life. Thus, Japanese lacquerware is a traditional Japanese art which has both artistic quality and practicality.
Japanese swords (katana) are well known for their sharp cutting ability and beautiful shape, compared with swords from other countries. Japanese swords are made by folding and forging high-quality steel repeatedly to develop a hard blade and a flexible core. Because of this, hardness and sharpness can be combined. Besides, the curved shape is suitable for drawing and cutting actions, and in this respect, Japanese swords are highly acclaimed not only as weapons but also as works of art. On the other hand, Western swords have different shapes and uses because they are designed for both thrusting and cutting. Thus, Japanese swords can be said to be a unique form of Japanese cultural assets, which combine advanced forging techniques with a sense of beauty.
Living National Treasures are officially called “the Holders of Important Intangible Cultural Property.” In fields such as Noh theater, Kabuki, Bunraku, ceramics, lacquerware, dyeing, and weaving, people who are especially excellent in techniques and artistry are selected. The candidates are examined and discussed by experts, and then they are designated by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, based on the recommendation of the Council for Cultural Affairs. The designated people receive financial support from the government to maintain and pass on their skills and arts. Nowadays, the number of Living National Treasures remains around one hundred. Thus, the system of Living National Treasures is very important for passing valuable traditional Japanese culture on to the next generation.
It was in the Meiji period that some Japanese people began to wear Western clothing on a daily basis. The Meiji government encouraged public officials and soldiers to wear Western clothing as part of its policies to modernize and westernize the country. It spread further to upper-class people and those in urban areas, and it was also adopted for the uniforms of schools and the military. Even so, ordinary people kept wearing Japanese clothing. After the end of the Second World War, due to changes in lifestyle and the mass production of Western clothing, it spread rapidly and became the main form of everyday clothing. Nowadays, there are few occasions when people wear Japanese clothing except at special events. Most Japanese people usually wear Western clothing.
Nowadays, in Japan, few people wear kimono (Japanese clothing) in their daily lives. However, even now, kimono is often worn at special events or traditional occasions: for example, Coming-of-Age Ceremonies, wedding ceremonies, graduation ceremonies, tea ceremony, flower arrangement, and Japanese dance events. Besides, some people wear kimono or yukata on New Year’s and at festivals. It is common to wear yukata in Japanese inns and hot springs. Kimono is characterized by the selection of its type and pattern according to the season, age, and occasion. Thus, kimono is not everyday clothing any more, but it is highly regarded as one form of clothing that symbolizes traditional Japanese culture and special occasions.
The average Japanese meal is said to be a well-balanced combination of a staple food, a main dish, and side dishes. In a typical washoku meal, rice is the staple food, combined with a main dish of fish or meat, vegetable dishes, miso soup, and pickles. Nowadays, Western foods such as bread, pasta, and meat dishes are spreading widely, but rice is still the most important staple food. Japanese people tend to eat relatively many fish, soy products, and vegetables. This is considered one of the factors contributing to Japanese people’s longevity. Thus, while Japanese meals are based on traditional washoku, they have been diversified by adopting various kinds of foreign food.
In the past, Japanese people ate rice almost every day, but now it is not necessarily the case. Rice is still a representative Japanese staple food, although many people eat bread for breakfast or eat pasta and noodle dishes for lunch. Even so, for dinner, most families eat rice, and Japanese people eat rice at least once a day. Moreover, rice dishes are very popular, including sushi, rice-bowl dishes, rice balls, and curry rice. Thus, rice consumption is decreasing due to the diversification of dietary habits, but rice is still a central part of the Japanese diet.
It is very difficult to select only one as the most popular food among Japanese people, but sushi, yakiniku, ramen, and curry rice are often listed among the most popular choices. According to recent surveys, sushi is often selected as the most popular food and is known throughout the world as a representative Japanese dish. Besides, foods that originated overseas and developed uniquely in Japan, such as ramen and curry rice, are widely enjoyed. Moreover, they are popular among people of all ages, from younger generations to elderly people. Japanese people’s food preferences are diverse, but sushi and ramen are especially popular.
It is believed that the prototype of soy sauce was a fermented seasoning that originated in China, and it is commonly believed that soy sauce as we know it today began to be produced during the Kamakura period. From the Muromachi period to the Edo period, its production techniques developed, and it spread throughout the country. Soy sauce is made from soybeans, wheat, and salt, and it brings out a unique umami flavor and aroma through fermentation and maturation. Nowadays, it is an indispensable seasoning for many kinds of Japanese dishes such as sashimi, simmered dishes, and grilled dishes. Thus, soy sauce is a representative seasoning that has supported Japanese dietary habits for over 700 years.
It is believed that miso originated from a fermented food that was introduced from China, but it is said that the prototype of miso had already existed during the Nara period. Later, in the Kamakura period, many samurai began to use miso, and from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, it spread further among common people. Miso is mainly made from soybeans, with rice, wheat, or salt added, and it is produced through fermentation and maturation. Every region has its own type of miso, different in taste and color. Nowadays, it is used for many kinds of Japanese dishes, especially miso soup. Thus, miso has a long history and is a representative fermented food that has supported Japanese dietary habits.
The reason tofu is said to be good for health is that it is highly nutritious and low in calories. Tofu is made from soybeans, and it contains a large amount of high-quality protein. Also, it contains nutrients such as calcium, iron, and vitamins. Besides, compared to meat, it is low in fat and easy to digest. Because of this, it is enjoyed by people of all ages, from young children to elderly people. Nowadays, it is getting more popular throughout the world as a health food or a plant-based food. Thus, tofu is a representative Japanese food that has the advantages of nutrition, ease of digestion, and health benefits.
Chopsticks are a representative tableware item in Japanese food culture. The proper way to hold chopsticks is as follows: move only the upper chopstick while fixing the lower one between the base of the ring finger and the thumb. It is necessary to hold the upper chopstick, like a pencil, with the thumb, index finger, and middle finger and move it up and down to pick up food. Holding chopsticks properly makes it possible to pick up even a tiny bean or remove fish bones. On the other hand, there are several ways of using chopsticks that are considered bad manners because they are associated with funerals, including sticking chopsticks into rice and passing food from chopstick to chopstick. The way chopsticks are used reflects Japanese politeness and tradition.
As Japan is surrounded by the sea on all sides, various kinds of fish have been eaten since ancient times. This has led Japanese cuisine to develop various ways of cooking fish. Representative dishes include sashimi, sushi, grilled fish, simmered fish, and tempura. Besides, preservation methods such as salting and drying have also developed. Japanese cuisine highly values the original flavor of ingredients, which has led to the custom of eating fish raw. Moreover, various cooking methods, including grilling, simmering, steaming, and deep-frying, are used according to the type of fish and the season. Thus, this rich fish-eating culture is one of the major characteristics of Japanese food culture.
Japanese sake is a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage made from rice, water, koji mold, and yeast. The brewing process is as follows. First, the rice is polished to remove impurities from its surface. Next, some of the steamed rice is inoculated with koji mold to make koji. Then, koji, steamed rice, water, and yeast are mixed to make a moromi mash and fermented. This is a unique system known as “multiple parallel fermentation,” in which saccharification and fermentation proceed simultaneously. After fermentation, the moromi is pressed. It is then filtered, pasteurized, and matured. Japanese sake differs in taste and aroma from region to region and is one of the representative beverages of Japanese food culture.