芦屋釜の特徴(1)
形は、「真形(しんなり)」とよばれる形状です。
その特徴を部分的に記すと、 1. 口造りは繰口(口の立ち上り部分が湾曲した形)。2. 鐶付(かんつき)は原則として鬼面(きめん)。鬼面は竜首を思わせるような形状で、厳しい表情です。時代を経るにつれ、獅子面や亀など鬼面以外のものも現れます。3. 胴部に羽をめぐらします。羽は風炉に懸けるための部分です。古芦屋の多くは長年の使用で底が傷み別の底に入れ替えられていますが、その補修の際、羽を欠き落としたものもみられます。
なお、底の補修の際、別に造った一回り小さい底を釜の内側から接着したものがあり、その形状から「尾垂釜(おだれがま)」と称されます。

茶の湯釡部分名称
芦屋釜の特徴(2)
地肌は滑らかで、鯰の肌に似るので鯰肌(なまずはだ)とよばれます。
芦屋釜の特徴(3)
胴部に文様を表します。風景、動植物、幾何学文など様々な文様があります。また、霰(あられ)を地文とするものもあります。ごく稀に、寄進先や寄進年、作者名などを記した作品もみられます。
芦屋釜の特徴(4)
鋳型(いがた)の中子(なかご=中型)は挽き中子法という技法で造ります。このため、釜の内部に細かい線状の挽き目がみられるものがあります。挽き中子法は、芦屋鋳物師に伝わったとされる技法です。
芦屋釜の盛衰
芦屋釜製作の始まり(1)
芦屋釜の始まりはよくわかっていません。ただ、芦屋金屋が発生した時期は、梵鐘の銘文から14世紀半ば頃と考えられ、芦屋釜の製作開始もその時期を遡ることはないと考えられます。
15世紀初頭になると、芦屋釜の名が史料に散見されるようになります。応永17年(1410)の「如意庵校割帳(にょいあんこうわりちょう)」(『大徳寺文書』)には、「釜 一口 芦屋紋松櫻 付風炉 同銕輪」とあり、文様のある芦屋釜が寺の什物(じゅうもつ)となっていたことがわかります。それより遡る史料では、応永14年(1407)、博多円福寺の僧宗金が山科教言(やましなのりとき)に風炉・釜を斡旋(あっせん)していることや(『教言卿記(のりとききょうき)』)、同年、醍醐寺三宝院満済(だいごじさんぽういんまんさい)が宗像大宮司氏経(むなかただいぐうじうじつね)に釜の到着の遅れを催促していること(『宗像大社文書』)も、地域的・時期的にみて芦屋釜の可能性が高いと考えられます。
これらからみて、芦屋釜の製作の始まりは14世紀半ばから半世紀の間であるとみてよいでしょう。
芦屋釜需要の盛期(2)
15世紀の記録からみて、芦屋釜は醍醐寺領若宮荘など遠賀川流域の荘園からの貢納品として京に持ち込まれることが主要な流通ルートの一つでした。しかし、文明期(1469~1478)に至り、芦屋釜の名が記された史料が激増します。多くの芦屋釜が、山口に本拠を置いた守護大名大内氏やその関係者から、将軍家やその周辺の人々に献納品として進上されているのです。特に顕著な例として、文明13年(1481)には、大内政弘が足利義政、義尚(よしひさ)らに合わせて30口の釜を献納しており、さらに文明17年(1485)にも、大内政弘から足利義尚らへ30口の釜の献納がみられます(『蜷川親元日記』)。この「釜」は芦屋釜とみて間違いありません。15世紀後半は、大内氏を媒介とする京での需要の最盛期であったといえるでしょう。
芦屋釜需要の衰退(3)
16世紀になると、史料に芦屋釜の名はほとんどみられなくなります。茶の湯文化の主な荷い手も、京の公家・武家・寺社などの階層から、堺・奈良・京都の町衆らに移っていきます。彼らの一部は、天文年間(1532~1554)頃から茶会記を記しており、この頃の茶の湯に使われた道具類を知ることができます。その中には、多種多様な釜が記されているにも関わらず、「芦屋釜」という名は全く出てきません。中国から輸入された唐物道具の賞玩中心の茶の湯から、後の茶道に通じる日本的な「侘び」の茶の湯に移るにつれ、道具の好みもおのずから変わっていきます。さらに、京の三条釜座においても盛んに釜が造られるようになり、わざわざ遠方の芦屋にまで釜を求める必要がなくなったのです。芦屋釜の需要は大きく衰退することとなります。
芦屋鋳物の廃絶(4)
芦屋釜の需要は減ったものの、芦屋金屋では大内氏の庇護の下、梵鐘や鰐口などの製作を続けています。特に大内義隆(おおうちよしたか)と芦屋金屋の大工(棟梁)大江宣秀(おおえのぶひで)との関係は深く、大内氏が代々尊んできた興隆寺や今八幡宮への奉納品を造らせています。ところが芦屋鋳物師にとって大打撃となる事件が起きます。天文20年(1551)、義隆は家臣である陶隆房(すえたかふさ)の謀反により、大寧寺(山口県長門市)で自刃して果ててしまいます。隆房によって擁立された大内義長も、弘治3年(1557)、毛利元就(もうりもとなり)との戦いに敗れて自害します。芦屋鋳物師の絶大な庇護者であった大内氏は、ここに滅亡してしまうのです。
大内氏の配下として芦屋津を直接管理下においていたのは麻生氏です。大内氏滅亡後の永禄2年(1559)、豊後の大友義鎮(おおともよししげ)が豊前・筑前の守護職に任命されますが、それを契機とする大友軍の北上により、麻生氏も蹂躙(じゅうりん)され弱体化してしまいます。大内氏の滅亡と、その被官として直接芦屋津を掌握していた麻生氏の弱体化は、芦屋鋳物師にとって致命的な痛手でした。以後、慶長5年(1600)、高倉神社(遠賀郡岡垣町)に納められた鐘を最後に、芦屋鋳物師の作例はみられなくなります。彼らの一部は、博多に移り住んで鋳物業を続けたことが知られています
Characteristics of Ashiya Kama (1)
The shape of an Ashiya kettle is known as the shinnari (standard form).
Its main features are as follows:
Rim (kuchizukuri): The rim is of the kurikuchi type, characterized by an outwardly curved mouth.
Ring Handles (kantsuki): The handle lugs are, in principle, decorated with demon faces (kimen). These faces resemble dragon heads and have a fierce expression. As time passed, other motifs such as lion faces and turtles also appeared.
Flanges (hane): A flange runs around the body of the kettle. This part is used to suspend the kettle over a brazier (furo). Many old Ashiya kettles suffered damage to their bottoms after long use and were repaired with replacement bottoms. During such repairs, the flange was sometimes removed.
In some repaired kettles, a slightly smaller bottom was attached from the inside. Because of its distinctive appearance, this type is called an Odare-gama (“drooping-tail kettle”).
Names of the Parts of a Tea Ceremony Kettle
(Diagram title: Names of the Parts of a Tea Ceremony Kettle)
Characteristics of Ashiya Kama (2)
The surface of the kettle is smooth and resembles the skin of a catfish. For this reason, it is known as namazu-hada (“catfish skin”).
Characteristics of Ashiya Kama (3)
Various decorative patterns are cast on the body of the kettle, including landscapes, plants, animals, and geometric designs. Some kettles feature arare (raised dot patterns) as a ground design. In rare cases, inscriptions indicating the donor, the year of donation, or the maker are also found.
Characteristics of Ashiya Kama (4)
The inner core (nakago) of the casting mold was made using a technique called the turned-core method (hiki-nakago-hō). As a result, fine circular turning marks can sometimes be seen inside the kettle. This method is believed to have been a special technique handed down among the Ashiya foundry craftsmen.
The Rise and Fall of Ashiya Kettles
The Beginning of Ashiya Kettle Production (1)
The origins of Ashiya kettles are not clearly known. However, inscriptions on temple bells suggest that the Ashiya foundry industry emerged around the middle of the 14th century, and it is unlikely that Ashiya kettle production began earlier than that.
By the beginning of the 15th century, references to Ashiya kettles began to appear in historical records. A document called the Nyoian Kōwari-chō (1410), preserved among the records of Daitoku-ji Temple, mentions:
“One kettle, Ashiya design with pine and cherry blossom motifs, accompanied by a brazier and iron stand.”
This indicates that decorated Ashiya kettles were already treasured temple possessions.
Earlier records also suggest the existence of Ashiya kettles. In 1407, the monk Sōkin of Enpuku-ji Temple in Hakata arranged for a brazier and kettle to be supplied to Yamashina Noritoki. In the same year, Mansai of Daigo-ji Temple urged Ujitsune, the chief priest of Munakata Shrine, to expedite the delivery of a kettle. Considering the region and period involved, these kettles were likely Ashiya products.
Based on this evidence, Ashiya kettle production probably began sometime within the fifty years following the mid-14th century.
The Peak of Demand for Ashiya Kettles (2)
Records from the 15th century show that Ashiya kettles were often transported to Kyoto as tribute goods from estates along the Onga River, including Wakamiya-no-Shō, which belonged to Daigo-ji Temple.
During the Bunmei era (1469–1487), references to Ashiya kettles increased dramatically. Many were presented as gifts by the powerful Ōuchi clan of Yamaguchi and their associates to the Ashikaga shoguns and members of the Kyoto elite.
A notable example occurred in 1481, when Ōuchi Masahiro presented thirty kettles to Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Ashikaga Yoshihisa, and others. In 1485, he again donated thirty kettles to Yoshihisa and related figures. These kettles were almost certainly Ashiya kettles.
The latter half of the 15th century can therefore be regarded as the golden age of Ashiya kettle demand in Kyoto, largely through the patronage of the Ōuchi clan.
The Decline of Demand for Ashiya Kettles (3)
By the 16th century, references to Ashiya kettles had almost disappeared from historical records.
At the same time, the principal participants in the tea ceremony shifted from aristocrats, warriors, and temples in Kyoto to wealthy townspeople in Sakai, Nara, and Kyoto. Beginning around the Tenbun era (1532–1555), some of these tea enthusiasts kept detailed records of tea gatherings. Although these records mention many different kinds of kettles, the name “Ashiya kettle” does not appear at all.
As tea culture evolved from an appreciation of imported Chinese utensils (karamono) toward the distinctly Japanese aesthetic of wabi, preferences in tea utensils also changed. In addition, kettle production flourished in Kyoto’s Sanjō foundry district, eliminating the need to obtain kettles from the distant town of Ashiya.
As a result, demand for Ashiya kettles declined sharply.
The End of the Ashiya Foundry Tradition (4)
Although demand for Ashiya kettles decreased, the Ashiya foundries continued to manufacture temple bells and waniguchi (gong-like shrine fittings) under the protection of the Ōuchi clan.
In particular, Ōuchi Yoshitaka maintained close ties with Ōe Nobuhide, the master craftsman of the Ashiya foundries. Under his patronage, the foundries produced offerings for temples and shrines long revered by the Ōuchi family.
However, a disastrous event soon occurred. In 1551, Yoshitaka was forced to commit suicide at Tainei-ji Temple in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture following a rebellion led by his retainer Sue Takafusa. The Ōuchi clan’s successor, Ōuchi Yoshinaga, was likewise defeated by Mōri Motonari and committed suicide in 1557. Thus, the Ōuchi clan—the greatest patron of the Ashiya founders—came to an end.
The Asō clan, which directly controlled Ashiya Port under the authority of the Ōuchi family, was also weakened after the rise of the Ōtomo clan in northern Kyushu. The destruction of the Ōuchi clan and the decline of the Asō clan dealt a fatal blow to the Ashiya foundry industry.
Afterward, no further works by Ashiya founders are known beyond a temple bell dedicated to Takakura Shrine in 1600. Some craftsmen are believed to have relocated to Hakata, where they continued working in the foundry trade.
Thus, the distinguished tradition of Ashiya casting, which had flourished for more than two centuries, gradually disappeared from history.